Lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries have attracteded extensive research interest as key energy storage solutions, owing to their favorable energy and power densities coupled with remarkable long-term cycling and storage stability. These batteries are primarily composed of four parts: cathode, anode, diaphragm, and electrolyte, each of which plays a decisive role in the electrical performance of the batteries. This paper comprehensively reviews the impacts and potential applications of radiation exposure on the four primary components of these batteries, focusing on the current status of research and application of irradiation technology with respect to cathode defects, anode synthesis, defects and surface modification, diaphragm synthesis, non-grafting modification and functionalized grafting, polymer solid electrolyte synthesis, and modification and in-situ curing. Furthermore, it discusses the prospects for the application of irradiation technology in the various main materials, Irradiation technology can significantly improve the battery material's electrical performance and reliability, and it may become a promising means of battery performance improvement. Furthermore, this paper delves into the relationship between radiation exposure and potential failures in full batteries, thereby providing insights into the implications of radiation effects on battery technology under extreme operating conditions.