Surface broadband emissivity in the thermal infrared region is an important parameteras for the studies of the surface energy balance. This paper analyzed and offered an equation to estimate the surface broadband emissivity for the spectral domains 8～14 μm against the MODIS data, and then, the distribution characteristic of surface emissivity for Taklimakan Desert was obtained with this equation. Firstly, along two highways crossing the Taklimakan Desert, twenty sample sites were selected and their spectral of broadband emissivity were observed with Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Secondly, using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) land surface temperature and emissivity product MOD11A1 and MOD11C1, derived emissivities in three thermal infrared channels 29 (8.4～8.7 μm), 31 (10.78～11.28 μm) and 32 (11.77～12.27 μm) and MODIS surface reflectance products MOD09A1, derived reflectance in near-infrared channel 7 (2.105～2.155 μm), developing an empirical regression equation to convert these spectral emissivities and reflectance to a broadband emissivity. The FTIR data were used to determine the coefficients of the regression equation, another part of FTIR data were used to investigate the accuracy of equation. It was found that the equation consist of MODIS channels 29, 31 and 32 has more accuracy; furthermore, the accuracy is improved when channel 7 data was added in the regression equation. The root mean square error (RMSE) and Bias were 0.004 5 and 0.000 1, respectively. Comparing to other six equations originated from literatures, which also estimate the surface broadband emissivity from narrowband emissivities. The RMSE and Bias of our equation are lower one order and two orders of magnitude than other six equations, respectively. Lastly, our equation is applied in the Taklimakan Desert area to build a distribution image of emissivity based on MODIS data. It demonstrates that the emissivity of Taklimakan Desert is in the range of 0.880～0.910 over the central regions, the averaged value is 0.906; The emissivity is in the range of 0.910～0.940 where the areas covered by spare vegetation; The emissivity is in range of 0.950～0.980 where the regions near to the oasis.