Fig. 1. Classification of intraoperative optical microscopy imaging techniques

Fig. 2. Schematic of photoacoustic microscopy

Fig. 3. Schematic of optical coherence tomography

Fig. 4. Schematic of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging

Fig. 5. Schematic of stimulated Raman scattering imaging

Fig. 6. Schematic of multiphoton fluorescence microscopy imaging

Fig. 7. (a) Schematic of Fourier ptychographic microscopy^[79]; (b) Schematic of coded ptychographic microscopy^[80]

Fig. 8. Tumor microenvironment in live rats^[63−64]

Fig. 9. Stages of tumor cell invasion around connective tissue proliferation^[93]

Fig. 10. Conventional microscopy, Optical coherence tomography microscopy, and dermatoscopy of (a) nodular micronodular basal cell carcinoma; (b) invasive basal cell carcinoma; (c) nodular superficial basal cell carcinoma; (d) superficial diffuse malignant melanoma; (e) basal cell carcinoma of the right eyebrow; (f) pigmented actinic keratosis on frontal LC-OCT image and RCM image, and vertical LC-OCT image and OCT image^[101]

Fig. 11. Virtual H&E stained slides based on SRS imaging technology^[109]

Fig. 12. TPEF, SHG, overlaid TPEF/SHG and corresponding H&E images of the normal human brain, gliomas with the deposition of collagen bundles in tumor microenvironment^[110]

Table 1. Comparison of imaging performance for the label-free microscopy imaging techniques