• Infrared and Laser Engineering
  • Vol. 52, Issue 2, 20220318 (2023)
Xia Wang*, Yixin Zhang, Yuwei Zhao, and Weiqi Jin
Author Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Imaging Technology and System of Ministry of Education, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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    DOI: 10.3788/IRLA20220318 Cite this Article
    Xia Wang, Yixin Zhang, Yuwei Zhao, Weiqi Jin. Review of Time-of-Flight imaging through scattering media technology[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2023, 52(2): 20220318 Copy Citation Text show less
    Schematic diagram of PL-ToF imaging system
    Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of PL-ToF imaging system
    Schematic diagram of CW-ToF imaging system
    Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of CW-ToF imaging system
    Schematic diagram of ToF stable imaging process in a scattering scene
    Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of ToF stable imaging process in a scattering scene
    The sent and received waveform of the light in PL-ToF imaging. (a) The waveform in a clear scene; (b) The waveform in a scattering scene
    Fig. 4. The sent and received waveform of the light in PL-ToF imaging. (a) The waveform in a clear scene; (b) The waveform in a scattering scene
    The experimental setup and results of ToF imaging in fog using multiple time-gated exposures[37]
    Fig. 5. The experimental setup and results of ToF imaging in fog using multiple time-gated exposures[37]
    The sent and received waveform of the light in CW-ToF imaging. (a) The waveform in a clear scene; (b) The waveform in a scattering scene
    Fig. 6. The sent and received waveform of the light in CW-ToF imaging. (a) The waveform in a clear scene; (b) The waveform in a scattering scene
    The phasor representation (a) and experimental results (b) of the method proposed by Takeshi Muraji et al[42]
    Fig. 7. The phasor representation (a) and experimental results (b) of the method proposed by Takeshi Muraji et al[42]
    CW-ToF polarization imaging system (a) and experimental results (b) in our method[45]
    Fig. 8. CW-ToF polarization imaging system (a) and experimental results (b) in our method[45]
    The pipeline (a) and experimental results (b) of the method proposed by Lu H et al[46]
    Fig. 9. The pipeline (a) and experimental results (b) of the method proposed by Lu H et al[46]
    The time slice of transient images taken by Heide et al[47]
    Fig. 10. The time slice of transient images taken by Heide et al[47]
    Schematic diagram of ToF transient imaging process in a scattering scene
    Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of ToF transient imaging process in a scattering scene
    The experimental setup and results of the polarization transient image restoration proposed by Wu R H et al[52]
    Fig. 12. The experimental setup and results of the polarization transient image restoration proposed by Wu R H et al[52]
    The ToF camera is applied in the detection of a moving vehicle[14]
    Fig. 13. The ToF camera is applied in the detection of a moving vehicle[14]
    The ToF camera is applied in the three-dimensional reconstruction of maize plants[58]
    Fig. 14. The ToF camera is applied in the three-dimensional reconstruction of maize plants[58]
    The application of ToF cameras for three-dimensional reconstruction of corals underwater[61]
    Fig. 15. The application of ToF cameras for three-dimensional reconstruction of corals underwater[61]
    CameraApproachPerformance
    PL-ToFMultiple time-gated exposures[37]The absolute mean error is 0.07 m at 2.9 m
    Bayesian reconstruction[39]The image deviation is 2.83% at 10 m
    CW-ToFMulti-frequencies phasor imaging[42]The image error is 0.23 m at 8.71 m
    Iterative optimization[43--44]The minimum value of mean absolute error is 1.8 cm
    Polarization phasor imaging[45]The minimum value of mean absolute error is 0.01 m at 1 m
    Table 1. Different methods comparation in ToF stable imaging
    CameraApproach Performance
    CW-ToFSparse convolutional coding[51]The recovery error is 1-5 cm
    Polarized transient imaging[52-53]The recovery error is less than 0.5 m
    Single-scatter physical model[54]The peak signal to noise ratio is 34.4065
    Table 2. Different methods comparation in ToF transient imaging
    Xia Wang, Yixin Zhang, Yuwei Zhao, Weiqi Jin. Review of Time-of-Flight imaging through scattering media technology[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2023, 52(2): 20220318
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