Fig. 1. Working principle of ExM[12]

Fig. 2. Mammalian brain circuitry observed by proExM[14]. (a) Pre-expansion and (b) post-expansion wide field imaging pictures when virus with green fluorescent protein injected in cortex of macaque; (c) image taken with a confocal microscope and stereoscopically rendered of the boxed region in Fig. 2(b)

Fig. 3. Diagram of iExM

Fig. 4. Schematics of the PSIM system[18]

Fig. 5. Fluorescent particles with diameter of 100 nm obtained by PSIM[18]. (a) Conventional fluorescence microscopic image; (b) reconstructed PSIM image; (c) corresponding scanning electron microscope image; (d) Fourier transform of Fig. 5(a); (e) Fourier transform of Fig. 5(b); (f) fluorescence intensity distribution

Fig. 6. Waveguide chips. (a) Rib waveguide; (b) strip waveguide

Table 1. Main differences between chip-based ESI and dSTORM technologies

Table 2. Main differences between SPoD and SDOM technologies based on fluorescence polarization microscope

Table 3. Comparison of several new imaging methods