A distributed optical fiber temperature measurement system with a high spatial resolution was designed to overcome the shortcomings of the existing vertical profile temperature measurement technology for winter ice cover. The measurement principle and overall structure of the system were introduced, and the deconvolution correction algorithm was proposed to avoid the inaccurate temperature measurement caused by the limited bandwidth of the system, thereby enhancing the spatial resolution. At the same time, the relevant temperature measurement experiments were carried out. The algorithm could improve the spatial resolution of the system from 1.3 m to 0.5 m under the premise of ensuring the accuracy of temperature measurement. On this basis, a temperature measurement device with a high vertical resolution was designed, which could accurately detect the temperature change in the vertical direction of the ice cover to achieve the purpose of identifying the thickness of the ice cover.