The traditional optical inspection of physical evidence has some drawbacks, including difficulties in obtaining sample spatial structure, poor pertinence, and cumbersome operation process. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has the benefits of being in situ, noninvasive, high resolution, high speed, and low cost, which has potential uses in the field of forensic research. Through literature analysis, this study introduces the imaging principle of OCT. This study analyzes the viability of using OCT in the field of material evidence identification to apply this technology in many forensic science research directions, such as fingerprint inspection, forensic science, document inspection, and biological evidence inspection. The research and development ideas, methods, and application prospects of OCT in the field of forensic science have been examined.