- Opto-Electronic Advances
- Vol. 6, Issue 8, 220060 (2022)
Abstract
Introduction
Holography possesses powerful flexible light control and reconstruction abilities, and it has demonstrated significant application value in the acquisition, processing, modulation, storage, and display of optical information. Typically, as a thin hologram, a computer-generated hologram (CGH) without particular optimizations only records the wavefront information for a certain operating wavelength, and a reconstructing beam with different wavelengths leads to a magnification effect
Metasurfaces consist of subwavelength nanostructure arrays, and they are considered as the next generation of optical elements because of their excellent performance in controlling light properties such as amplitude
Although many efforts have been made to investigate active metasurfaces
In this study, we store various images and a color video in a single metasurface by integrating multiwavelength CDM and polarization multiplexing techniques to enhance the information capacity. Furthermore, a dynamic display is realized with the assistance of a tunable light source and an active optoelectronic modulator. The channel-separated iterative optimization algorithm encodes all the information of the references and targets into CGHs. A titanium dioxide nanorod array was designed and fabricated as a birefringent metasurface. 8 pure color Chinese characters and 8 color video frame images consisting of 48 monochrome images were successfully reconstructed using such a single metasurface, and the video was displayed dynamically with sequential illumination of code reference patterns. Multiwavelength CDM metasurface holography is an effective scheme for providing extra information channels and vivid colorful holographic videos. It is expected that this method can be employed in high-density optical data storage, optical information encryption, multiwavelength manipulation, dynamic optical displays, and other fields.
Principle and design
CDM provides an alternative technique to simultaneously allow multiple information manipulations over the same bandwidth
where
where
Wavelength can be an independent channel because of the principle of the independent propagation of light in linear materials. Although wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in optical communications is an effective way for increasing the information capacity by introducing wavelength as another light manipulation dimension, an SDM system consisting of separated sources and modulators for different wavelengths is required. Correspondingly, for CDM holography, it is thought that a strict and precise light manipulation requires orthogonal code beams, where the area occupied for one code pattern cannot be used for another code pattern. Nevertheless, orthogonal codes decrease the flexibility of this method. An alternative method involves independent manipulation of the wavefront at distinct working wavelengths via each modulator unit
The scheme of the multiwavelength CDM metasurface holography is shown in
Figure 1.(
The flowchart of three-wavelength CDM hologram encoding process is described in
Figure 2.
The metasurface hologram consists of an optimized nanorod array, where the nanorods are composed of titanium dioxide with its high refractive index and low loss in the visible range, and the substrate is composed of silica. In our design, the height of the nanorod was 600 nm, and the period of the unit cell was 360 nm to match the pixel pitch of the image source for the code beams. Considering the complexity and accuracy of nano-fabrication, the length and width of the nanorods were limited to the range of 50 nm to 310 nm. In the simulation and design, a rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) method was applied to analyze the electromagnetic response of the unit cell. The results of the transmission coefficients txx at 633 nm (R), 532 nm (G), and 460 nm (B) working operating wavelengths are shown in
Figure 3.(
where
Results and discussion
We fabricated metasurface samples for experimental verifications. Furthermore, their scanning electronic microscopic images are shown in
Figure 4.(
To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed method, we selected eight Chinese diagrams and frames to form a video as the target images as shown in
Figure 5.
Multiwavelength CDM metasurface holography is not restricted to the aforementioned three specific wavelengths and limited the number of code references. Additionally, more wavelengths can be realized using the proposed method because the information density provided by the code dimension is sufficiently high. Introducing more wavelength channels and a larger database of codes can further increase the information density of a metasurface, which can be applied to hybrid wavelength-code reference-polarization multiplexing, such as three-dimensional display
There are several multiplexing techniques for metasurface holography based on the variance of the wavefront of incident light such as the point-source method
The dynamic display is realized owing to the time sequential reading out optical information driven by a DMD. In our verifications, a TDM system is used for color pattern illumination because it is simpler than an SDM system. Moreover, when compared with traditional holographic displays, multiwavelength CDM metasurface holography provides a much higher spatial bandwidth product with a subwavelength pixel pitch. Benefited from this advantage, even a small optical element can record and display an entire color holographic video, which enables the realization of a compact system and has huge potential for practical applications.
Conclusions
A multiwavelength CDM metasurface is introduced to achieve dynamic color holography under the external excitation of color code references with DMD. This type of optical CDM introduces a new manipulation dimension, which enables the recording of high-intensity optical information in a single metasurface via the combination of our improved iterative algorithm and elaborately optimized design of metaatoms. We reconstructed a total of 8 distinct color Chinese characters and displayed a short color video from two polarization channels via the same metasurface hologram, where 48 grey-level monochrome images were stored and read out successfully. Although a TDM illumination system was employed in our verification, simultaneous wavefront manipulation at each working wavelength can be realized by an SDM architecture. This technique demonstrates high compatibility with other multiplexing methods, which leads to higher flexibility, information density, and security. This method is promising for applications in information display, data storage, optical encryption, and other fields with dynamic or multifunctional light manipulation.
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