Along with promoting the color extension green technology demonstration project in Beijing, color-leaf plants play an increasingly prominent role in urban landscape construction and improvement of the living environment, especially in recent years. If the regional distribution and growth characteristics of urban colorful leaf plants can be observed quickly and lossless by using hyperspectral technology, important theoretical basis and data support can be provided for further optimizing the layout of urban colorful leaf plants and accelerating the construction of urban color-leaf plants system. In recent years, the rapid development of hyperspectral remote sensing technology provides a lot of ground cover plant spectral information and improves the spectral resolution and response range. Plant spectrum has a series of characteristic absorption bands, which can indicate the differences between different tree species, and is the basis of hyperspectral tree species identification. This paper selected 15 species of colorful leaf plants with different color systems in Beijing as the research object. Moreover, the SR-3501 portable surface feature spectrometer was used to analyze the characteristics of the hyperspectral reflection curve of leaves of plants of different color families in autumn. The difference and variation of the characteristic bands and characteristic parameters of plants of different color families were further studied through the differential transformation and feature parameter extraction. The results showed that Euonymus japonzcus had the characteristics of typical green vegetation spectral curve, which were the changes of “peak” and “valley”; the spectral reflection characteristic of purple leaf plants was similar to that of green plants; the spectral reflection characteristic of red leaf plants was similar to that of yellow leaf plants. Based on spectral absorption characteristic parameters, the green/red peak position of different color plants showed a trend of red leaf plants>purple leaf plants>yellow leaf plants>green leaf plants, and green/red peak reflectivity, red valley location and red valley reflectivity were all represented by the yellow leaf plants>red leaf plants>purple leaf plants>green leaf plants. The characteristic spectrum parameters of the three sides of different color plants had certain regularity and can be used as the characteristic parameters to distinguish the different colored plants with green plants. In comparison, the red amplitude and red edge area, yellow amplitude and yellow edge area, blue amplitude and blue edge area could be used as the important spectral characteristic parameters to distinguish the purple leaf plants, the red leaf plants and the yellow leaf plants from green plants. This study provides a theoretical basis for applying the hyperspectral technique in the future observation of urban color leaf plant system construction.