All-solid-state fiber solar cell is one of the key technologies for the practical application of fiber-shaped photovoltaic cells. This study reviews the development history of the optical structure of fiber-shaped photovoltaic cells, focusing on the innovation and importance of the two-electrode winding structure design adopted in fiber-shaped photovoltaic cells without transparent conductive oxides. The application of new materials, such as non-fullerene-based organic molecules and perovskites, and new preparation processes for the optically active layers, such as the vapor-assisted deposition method, have led to breakthroughs in the research of all-solid-state fiber solar cells that achieve photoelectric conversion efficiencies of 10% to 16%. However, there are still significant challenges in the modularization of all-solid-state fiber batteries. In the future, fiber-shaped photovoltaic cells for wearable devices will need to integrate new materials and processes to develop recyclable, high-performance, environmentally-friendly, and weave-integrated all-solid-state fiber photovoltaic cells.