Pathogenic microorganisms refer to microorganisms that can invade the human body and cause infections. Clinically, diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms infection are extremely common. The traditional diagnosis of clinical pathogenic bacteria mainly relies on bacterial culture, but this method takes a long time and often takes 2-5 days to get the results, and there are some problems that the culture of bacteria is difficult or even impossible. Doctors who are unable to identify bacterial species and drug sensitivity use broad-spectrum antibiotics based on their experience to accelerate the emergence of bacterial resistance. Therefore, highly sensitive detection and identification of pathogenic microorganisms have become an important research direction of scholars at home and abroad. Raman spectroscopy is a kind of treatment of samples in situ, non-invasive, no mark detection technology, can be in the single cell level and provides different microbial cells biological molecular fingerprint information. Through this information, can determine the kinds of microorganisms, physical characteristics and mutation phenotype, achieve rapid detection of microbial samples. With the rapid development of laser spectroscopy and the continuous increase in clinical demand, sub-techniques with Raman spectroscopy detection technology as the core was born (such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, laser resonance Raman spectroscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, stimulated Raman spectroscopy and other related technologies), while improving the weak signal strength of the previous Raman spectroscopy technology to achieve High-precision rapid detection and analysis of microorganisms. Relying on its advantages of no restriction on the state of samples and the ability to detect small changes in the composition of substances, the research on Raman spectroscopy in the field of pathogenic microorganisms has been increasing in recent years. In this paper, the research status of microbial detection has carried on the investigation and analysis around the principle of Raman spectroscopy technology for its application in microbiological detection has carried on the detailed elaboration, mainly in pathogenic microorganisms identification with the technology and discusses the research progress in drug susceptibility testing, and with the traditional testing technology and advantages were analyzed. The differences between It provides a new method for rapid detection of pathogenic microorganisms.