As one of the most important ways of improving the calibration accuracy at present, the calibration method based on a solar diffuser(SD) is an independent calibration way with advantages of high accuracy, high frequency and high efficiency . The principles, methods and implementation process of on-orbit calibration based on the SD is described in this thesis. The radiance reference for calibration in space is found and the physical model of the on-orbit reflectance calibration is provided. The main factor which affects the calibration uncertainty is the determination of the SD bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) value by analyzing the physical models of on-orbit calibration. Thus, the timing selection of the on-orbit calibration is introduced and the BRDF in the range of angles variety within the calibration timing is tested in the lab. During the on-orbit calibration time, the high accuracy on-orbit calibration in the remote sensors’ whole life is achieved by the accurate radiance input which is ensured by monitoring and correcting the SD BRDF value from its fabrication to its life end. Finally, the on-orbit calibration uncertainty is estimated based on the measurement levels of the parameters in the physical model. And the uncertainties of on-orbit reflectance calibration and method of radiance calibration are better than 2.03% and 2.04% by type B standard uncertainty evaluation method.