Fig. 1. Schematics of experimental setups with hybrid deuterium gas puffs on (a) GIT-12 and (b) HAWK. (c) Time-integrated x-ray pinhole image detected by an unfiltered image plate in HAWK shot 5010.

Fig. 2. (a) Current and voltage waveforms and (b) radial neutron ToF signals at 2.00 m and 5.63 m in a hybrid deuterium gas puff z-pinch on GIT-12. Shot 2115, plasma shell on a single-shell D₂ gas puff, (2.7 ± 0.5) × 10¹² neutrons. (c) Current and voltage waveforms and (d) radial neutron ToF signals at 1.29 m and 3.72 m in a hybrid deuterium gas-puff z-pinch on HAWK. Shot 4999, on-axis D₂ gas puff with plasma shell from Marshall guns, (5.0 ± 2.0) × 10¹⁰ neutrons. All signals were adjusted to account for different transit times from each detector to the oscilloscopes. The ToF of photons and the electron transit time of the photomultiplier tubes were also included.

Fig. 3. Measurement of ion-beam profile. (a) Schematic of the axial ion detector on GIT-12. (b) Image of the ion-beam profile on GIT-12 recorded at 10 cm by a CR-39 detector behind a 1 mm aluminum-alloy (EN AW 2017) absorber, three HD-V2 films, 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm Al absorbers, and one 0.49 mm CR-39 detector on shot 1947. (c) Image of the ion-beam profile on HAWK recorded at 20 cm by a CR-39 detector behind a 0.1 mm Al absorber on shot 4983. The detector darkness is proportional to the ion flux.

Fig. 4. Measurement of spatial distribution and emission anisotropy of ion sources. (a) Images from a three-pinhole camera on GIT-12 (0.55 magnification and 0.26 mm pinhole diameter) recorded by HD-V2 film behind a 20 µm Al absorber and two HD-V2 films on shot 1947. Spatial scales correspond to the plane of the cathode mesh. (b) Images from the three-pinhole camera on HAWK (0.25 magnification and 0.4 mm pinhole diameter) recorded by the first HD-V2 film behind three different absorbers (6 µm Kimfoil, 10 µm Al, 20 µm Al). Spatial scales correspond to the plane of the anode end.

Fig. 5. Measurement of spatial distribution and emission anisotropy of high-energy ion sources. (a) Images from the three-pinhole camera on GIT-12 (0.59 magnification and 0.45 mm pinhole diameter) recorded by EBT-3 film behind 30 µm and 470 µm Al absorbers, seven HD-V2 films, two EBT-3 films, and two 0.58 mm CR-39 detectors on shot 1830. Spatial scales correspond to the plane of the cathode mesh. (b) Images from the three-pinhole camera on HAWK (0.25 magnification and 0.4 mm pinhole diameter) recorded by EBT-3 film behind three different absorbers (6 µm Kimfoil, 10 µm Al, 20 µm Al) and one HD-V2 film. Spatial scales correspond to the plane of the anode end. Note: The EBT-3 films used on HAWK and GIT-12 originated from two different lots.

Fig. 6. (a) Time evolution of a post-shot dose rate measured at 0.35 m and 1.00 m on HAWK (black line, shot 5008, 1.4 × 10¹⁰ neutrons) and GIT-12 (red line, shot 2131, 3.8 × 10¹² neutrons). The sampling interval was 10 s. The time of the shots corresponds to t = 0 s. (b) Energy dependence of the ²⁷Al(d,p)²⁸Al reaction cross-section.⁷⁰ The half-life of the ²⁸Al isotope is 2.25 min.

Table 1. Comparison of HAWK and GIT-12 experiments through 2018.