In this paper, the spectral characteristics of potato key growth period are analyzed by using hyperspectral remote sensing technology, and a quick method to distinguish different potato varieties was proposed. In addition, two potato varieties with early maturity and medium maturity are taken as the research materials, and the canopy reflectance spectrum curves of tuber formation stage, tuber expansion stage and starch accumulation stage are collected, Savitzky-Golay filtering smoothing and first order differential processing are applied to the measured reflectance spectrum curve, hyperspectral position parameters, amplitude parameters, area parameters, width parameters and reflectance parameters are used as evaluation indices, according to the contribution rate of 21 hyperspectral characteristic parameters, their ability to distinguish different potato varieties is evaluated. The results show that: (1) The ability of the same type of high spectral characteristic parameters to distinguish potato varieties at different growth stages is different. Hyperspectral position parameters, width parameters and reflectance parameters have the strongest ability to distinguish different potato varieties during tuber expansion stage, followed by starch accumulation stage; high spectral amplitude parameters and area parameters have the strongest differentiation ability in starch accumulation stage, followed by tuber expansion stage, and the 5 types of hyperspectral characteristic parameters have the worst differentiation ability in tuber formation stage. (2) In the same growth stage, there are differences between the 5 kinds of hyperspectral characteristic parameters in distinguishing potato varieties. In the tuber formation stage, the ability of distinguishing 5 kinds of hyperspectral characteristic parameters from strong to weak is as follows: reflectance parameter>amplitude parameter>area parameter>width parameter>position parameter; In the period of tuber expansion and starch accumulation, the order from strength to weakness is as follows: area parameter>amplitude parameter>reflectance parameter>width parameter>position parameter. The comprehensive ability from strong to weak is as follows: area parameter>amplitude parameter>reflectivity parameter>width parameter>position parameter.