Fig. 1. The principle of spectrum expansion in SIM. (a) The overlapping of the sample and the illumination patterns produces low-frequency Moiré fringes through frequency beating; (b) the expansion and fusion of the sample spectrum under structured illumination along one single orientation; (c) the isotropic expansion and fusion of the sample spectrum under structured illumination along three orientations

Fig. 2. The principle and flowchart of spatial domain reconstruction of SR-SIM image^[23]. (a) Schematic diagram of the PSF compression in SDR; (b) the PSF's FWHM value variation with the spatial frequency of the illumination fringes; (c) the comparison of SDR and FDR workflow

Fig. 3. Principle of the super-resolution and optical section integrated SIM^[41]

Fig. 4. Principle of DMD. (a) DMD chip; (b) structure of the DMD micromirror array; (c) illustration of the incident and output light on the DMD; (d) schematic of the incident light modulation in three different states of micromirrors

Fig. 5. Schematic diagrams of generating structured illumination using DMD projection. (a) Grating projection method; (b) DMD projection method; (c) the conversion from binary periodic square patterns to sinusoidal patterns

Fig. 6. Typical optical paths for generating structured illumination based on SLM laser interferometry and DMD laser interferometry. (a) SLM^[44]; (b) DMD^[76]

Fig. 7. The model of DMD two-dimensional blazed diffractive gratings and the analysis of diffracted beams^[98]

Fig. 8. The non-paraxial diffraction model of DMD^[99]

Fig. 9. Timeline of DMD-SIM development

Fig. 10. The setup of LiDMD-SIM^[102]

Fig. 11. Schematic of the hybrid multifocal structured illumination microscope^[103]

Fig. 12. The dual color DMD-SIM microscope^[104]

Fig. 13. The schematic of three-wavelength DMD-SIM super-resolution microscopy^[105]

Fig. 14. The schematic of laser illumination speckle-free DMD-SIM super-resolution microscopy^[106]

Fig. 15. Imaging results of DMD-3DSIM^[76]

Fig. 16. The schematic of multi-color DMD-SIM based on grating dispersion compensation^[107]

Fig. 17. Full-Color optical sectioning three-dimensional microscopy based on DMD-SIM^[108]

Fig. 18. Schematic diagram of the C-SIM system^[109]

Fig. 19. Imaging results of HDR-C-SIM^[111]

Fig. 20. Fast optical sectioning algorithm of SIM based on Hilbert transform^[113]

Fig. 21. Configuration of SIMscope3D and its imaging results^[7]

Fig. 22. Imaging results of Fourier Domain-based High-Quality SIM optical sectioning reconstruction method^[114]

Table 1. Comparison of different reconstruction algorithms for SR-SIM

Table 2. Comparison of DMD-SIM with other types of SIM