Fig. 1. Principles and mechanisms of metasurface imaging and display. (a)-(c) Focusing phase light propagation; (d) focusing achieved through metasurfaces utilizing propagation and geometric phases^[60]; (e) recording and reconstruction of holograms^[64]; (f) reconstruction of light fields employing CGH images^[64]; (g) principle and flowchart of the GS algorithm^[64]; (h) color tuning holography based on metasurface^[65]; (i) metasurface-based holographic display^[66]

Fig. 2. Inverse design optimization algorithms for metasurfaces. (a)(b) Focusing and polarization conversion based on topological optimization^[70-71]; (c)(d) color holography and color routing achieved through genetic algorithms^[74-75]; (e)(f) cascaded metasurfaces designed using neural networks^[81-82]; (g) end-to-end design in nano-optics utilizing neural networks^[83]

Fig. 3. Research on dispersion control using metasurfaces. (a) Visible-light metalens surpassing the diffraction limit^[60]; (b) infrared achromatic metalens^[84]; (c) visible-light achromatic metalens^[85]; (d) spectral tomographic imaging enabled by chromatic dispersion^[87]; (e) dual-band tunable dispersion metasurface^[88]; (f) compact metasurface spectrometer^[89]

Fig. 4. Studies on multiplexed imaging using metasurfaces. (a) Orthogonal polarization multiplexing based on metasurfaces^[97]; (b) full Stokes imaging employing metasurfaces^[98]; (c) switchable photonic spin-multiplexing metasurface based on the spin state of incident light^[100]; (d) the RVB phase-based optical differential operations and image edge detection^[102]; (e) the PB phase-based optical differential operations and image edge detection^[103]; (f) polarization multiplexing metasurface surpassing the limits of polarization multiplexing^[99]

Fig. 5. Applications of metasurfaces on multidimensional imaging and display. (a) Achromatic metalens array in the visible light band^[104]; (b) ultra-compact light-field spectral imaging through a system utilizing lateral dispersion metasurfaces^[106]; (c) polarization spectral recognition using a system based on liquid crystal and metasurface gratings^[110]; (d) 3D reconstruction based on metasurface structured light imaging^[108]; (e) 3D gesture recognition based on metasurface structured light imaging^[109]

Fig. 6. Holographic and holographic 3D display. (a) Diatomic metasurface of vector holography^[124]; (b) full-color complex amplitude vector holography^[125]; (c) longitudinal polarization transform stereo vector holography^[126]; (d) single-axis 3D holograms^[127]; (e) wide-angle 3D holographic display^[128]; (f) dynamic color 3D holographic display^[129]

Fig. 7. Light field display and AR/VR display. (a)(b) Wide-angle light field display using metasurfaces^[131-132]; (c)(d) AR/VR display based on metasurfaces^[42,133]; (e)(f) AR/VR display utilizing waveguide resonance^[134-135]

Fig. 8. Computational imaging mechanisms using metasurfaces. (a) Acquisition of real-time brain spectrum in rats using compressed sensing^[136]; (b) retrieval of object spectral light field information through spatial-spectral coupling with metasurfaces^[106]; (c) on-chip spectral imaging achieved by integrating neural networks with compressed sensing^[137]; (d) facial recognition based on spectral information^[138]

Fig. 9. Metasurface-based microscopic imaging techniques. (a) Metasurface-assisted fiber-optic endoscopic imaging^[139]; (b) photonic chip-based structural illumination microsurgery^[140]; (c) three-dimensional high-resolution tomography based on metasystems^[141]; (d) confocal microscopic imaging based on subwavelength devices^[142]

Fig. 10. Optical micromanipulation technology. (a) Multi-dimensional integrated optical tweezer-light wrench^[144]; (b) multifunctional optical tweezers for micro-manipulation technology^[145]; (c) spatial 3D display technology based on photophoresis technology^[146]; (d) simultaneous capture and imaging along the optical axis^[17]

Fig. 11. Dynamically tunable metasurfaces. (a) Adjustable focal length imaging realized through physical movement by an electric motor^[147]; (b) dynamic beam control using a moiré metasurface based on dual-layer twisting^[148]; (c) quasi-continuous tunable active metasurfaces achieved with GSST^[149]; (d) dynamic display facilitated by the combination of liquid crystal and metasurfaces^[150]; (e) control of wavefront evolution using ultrafast frequency pulses^[151]; (f) dynamic holographic display utilizing the multiplexing of vortex beams^[152]

Fig. 12. Quantum imaging and holography based on metasurface. (a) Metasurface-mediated quantum entanglement imaging^[154]; (b) metasurface-enabled quantum edge detection^[155]; (c) polarization-sensitive metasurface prediction imaging^[156]; (d) conventional quantum holography^[157]; (e) OAM high-dimensional entangled quantum holography^[158]

Table 1. Performance parameters of metalens imaging

Table 2. Performance parameters of the display technology based on metasurface