In recent years, the advanced scientific research on the extraction and preparation of high value-added coal based chemicals has found that Fulvic Acid Platform Compounds (FAPC) are a kind of cluster characteristic assembly molecular assembly with special functions in modern agriculture, biomedicine and functional materials, then it has a good application prospect. It is of great scientific significance to study the basic theory and chemical composition of the preparation of fulvic acid platform compounds. In this paper, the preparation and extraction methods of fulvic acid platform compounds based on different homologous substances were briefly introduced. The selective dissociation law of coal base compounds, the composition of functional groups of fulvic acid platform compounds and the spectral analysis of self-assembled structure characteristics were described in detail. The results showed that the selective preparation and extraction of fulvic acid platform compounds could be realized by acid-base reaction, ion exchange, biotransformation and microwave. Through the analysis of IR, NMR, fluorescence spectrum, electron and vibration spectra and molecular simulation, the molecular structure, functional groups and molecular chains of the prepared fulvic acid platform compounds were identified from different spectral characteristics. The self-assembled space configuration, group structure and construction method were effectively detected and characterized. A variety of spectra showed that the fulvic acid platform compounds were mainly composed of carboxyl, hydroxyl, phenolic hydroxyl, quinone and carbonyl molecules. The active small molecules produced by selective dissociation form self assembling group due to their molecular orientation. They are characterized by friendly interface, micro and nano size, electrical energy storage and good biocompatibility. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the preparation of fulvic acid platform compounds are revealed through comparative analysis. Finally, future theoretical research and application prospect of fulvic acid platform compounds are prospected.