In order to investigate the cone’s spectral responses under different conditions for different aged observers with normal color vision, nine color patches with different hue angles distributed uniformly on the CIELAB color space were prepared, and the 27～35 observers were organized to carry out color matching experiments on a monitor to match the nine printed color samples under four different viewing conditions including two illuminances, and two viewing fields. The spectral data obtained from the color matching experiments were compared with the spectral data of the nine target colors and used to test the performances of eleven color matching functions including CIE1931, CIE1964, CIE2006, Sarkar’s S1～S8 in terms of the percentage of the minimum CIEDE2000 value. For the four experiments, CIE2006 and S6 performed the best and with S1, S2 the worst. For different observers, the visual spectral responses’ of the retinal cone are different and the age has the obvious influence on the visual spectral responses. The observer metamerism is mainly caused by the different spectral response of the (λ) channel and for most observers the differences appeared at the responses of the peak wavelength, and the shift of the peak wavelength has no significant influence on the observers metamerism. The experimental results can provide evidences for the classification of the color matching functions for different observer categories and theoretical basis for the investigation of the observers metamerism.