Fig. 1. Flow chart of proposed algorithm

Fig. 2. Comparison of registration effects. (a) Before registration; (b) after registration

Fig. 3. Schematic diagrams of seam search. (a) Traditional algorithm; (b) enhancement algorithm

Fig. 4. Definition and application diagrams of direction matrix D. (a) Definition diagram; (b) application diagram

Fig. 5. Relationship between $\beta$ and the number of iterations/energy value

Fig. 6. Comparison of results between traditional algorithm and enhanced algorithm. (a) Schematic diagram of traditional algorithm for searching seam in overlapping area; (b) traditional algorithm result; (c) schematic diagram of enhanced algorithm for searching seam in overlapping area; (d) enhanced algorithm result

Fig. 7. Comparison of large parallax processing effects. (a)‒(c) QEISE; (d)‒(f) LPC; (g)‒(i) proposed algorithm; (j)‒(l) proposed algorithm with seam

Fig. 8. Images with exposure differences

Fig. 9. Comparison of exposure difference processing effects. (a) (g) Before optimization; (b) (h) after optimization; (c) (i) HMM; (d)‒(f) (j)‒(l) enlarged images of details

Table 1. Comparison of SSIM/PSNR on different algorithms

Table 2. Performance evaluation indicators for panoramic image before and after optimization