Fig. 1. (Color online) (a) Schematic diagram of one-step spray-coating perovskite films. (b) Structure of the spray-coated devices. (c) Schematic diagram of the action of C₇H₇BF₃KO.

Fig. 2. (Color online) The optical images of (a) reference and (e) C₇H₇BF₃KO based spray-coated perovskite films. The AFM images of (b–d) reference and (f–h) C₇H₇BF₃KO based spray-coated perovskite films at different magnifications.

Fig. 3. (Color online) (a) XRD patterns, (b) UV–vis absorption spectra, (c) steady-state PL spectra and (d) TRPL decay curves of reference and C₇H₇BF₃KO based spray-coated perovskite films.¹H NMR spectra of (e) FAI, C₇H₇BF₃KO and FAI-C₇H₇BF₃KO mixture and (f) MABr, C₇H₇BF₃KO and MABr-C₇H₇BF₃KO mixture in DMSO-d6 solution.

Fig. 4. (Color online) (a)J–V curves of the reference and C₇H₇BF₃KO based spray-coated PSCs. (b) EQE spectra and corresponding integratedJ_SC. (c) Mott–Schottky plots and (d) darkJ–V curves of PSCs. (e) The SCLC curves of electron-only devices. (f) Nyquist plots of PSCs.

Table 0. Summary of photovoltaic performance parameters of the reference and C₇H₇BF₃KO based spray-coated PSCs.

Table 0. The fitting parameters of EIS for reference and C₇H₇BF₃KO-based spray-coated perovskite devices.

Table 0. The fitting parameters of TRPL for reference and C₇H₇BF₃KO based spray-coated perovskite films.