A new method to improve the height measurement accuracy of the integrated navigation system of one-dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) and single-axis rotation inertial navigation system (INS) is explored in this paper. The attitude output after base tilt compensation of the single-axis rotation INS is used to provide a high-precision attitude reference for the LDV. The height measurement principle of the one-dimensional LDV with dual-beam differential structure is studied, and the base tilt compensation method of single-axis rotation INS is analyzed. On the basis of theoretical analysis, on-vehicle experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the designed height measurement method. Two groups of 35-40 min on-vehicle tests are completed. The maximum error of height measurement in the first group is -2.67 m, and the standard deviation is 1.0094 m; The maximum error of the second group of height measurement is 1.68 m, and the standard deviation is 0.5880 m, reaching the expected target that the continuous dynamic height measurement accuracy is better than 3 m under the vehicle condition. The related research proves the effectiveness of the height measurement method based on integrated navigation system of single-axis rotation INS and one-dimensional LDV.