An all-fiber rotational Raman lidar spectroscope constructed by fiber Bragg grating and fiber coupler in visible region was designed. The fiber Bragg grating with 530 nm central wavelength was successfully fabricated through phase mask directly inscribing, and then its transmissivity and reflectivity were experimentally tested. The high tuning sensitivity cantilever system was designed to enhance the matching performance between the central wavelength of fiber Bragg grating and the rotational Raman spectral line of atmosphere molecules. The experimental results show that the fiber Bragg grating in visible region possesses 95% reflectivity and 0.3 nm full width at half maximum, and that the strain tuning system may possess sensitivity of 18 pm/r within the ±0.6 nm range.