Combined with chemometrics methods, rapid quantitative analysis of the quality control components of Trollius ledebouri was developed by modern infrared spectroscopy. The reference data of the representative components, orientin and vitexin, were obtained by HPLC method, and the infrared spectra were obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. On this basis, the index components were correlated with the infrared spectra data by chemometrics methods, and the fast prediction models of the index components were established. Thirty-six extracts of Trollius ledebouri were obtained by room temperature extraction, heating reflux and ultrasound-assisted extraction with different ratios of methanol-water as solvent. The contents of orientin and vitexin in the extracts of Trollius ledebouri were determined by HPLC method, and the infrared spectra of the samples were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) aided by horizontal attenuated total reflectance (HATR) accessory. TQ Analyst EZ Edition software was used to establish the models, in which 29 extract samples were as test set and the rest as calibration set. Cross validation correlation coefficient (R2) and cross validation error mean square root (RMSEC) were used as indexes to select spectral pretreatment method, quantitative analysis method and modeling wave range, and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was used to evaluate the prediction effect of the model. The optimized spectral pretreatment methods were standard normal distribution verification (SNV) correction and second derivative (13-point smoothing) of standard normal distribution. The quantitative analysis method was PLS. And the optimal wave range of orientin and vitexin were 2 050~650 and 1 900~650 cm-1, respectively. The correlation coefficients of orientin and vitexin models constructed by PLS method were 0.919 8 and 0.970 8, respectively. The relative deviations of the predicted results were -2.0%~3.2% and -3.4%~4.7%, respectively. Since the possessing has unique advantages, such as rapid measurement, fingerprint characteristics, qualitative and quantitative analysis, being environment friendly, the infrared spectroscopy can be used to indicate the representative ingredients of Chinese herbal extracts quickly, accurately, environment friendly and efficiently, thus providing a new idea and a feasible solution for the quality control of traditional Chinese herbal medicines.