Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center has stable fluorescence emission at room temperature, ultra-long electron spin coherence time, and excellent optical properties. In the field of quantum sensing, it has excellent performance in electromagnetic field and temperature sensing with high sensitivity. Optical fiber sensing technology has been developed rapidly in recent years with wide applications. Optical fiber system can be combined with NV color center because of its integration, high practicability, and easy operation, showing excellent optical transmission capacity and low loss. This optical fiber-based quantum sensor system can be applied to biological, material temperature, magnetic field, and other physical measurements. This review mainly introduces the working principle, methods, and applications of fiber quantum sensing technology based on NV color center system.