In order to improve the efficiency of straw returning and increase the soil organic carbon, a protective tillage method based on the combination of planting and feeding on sloping farmland was explored. The effects of straw mulching and rotation tillage technology on soil water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fluorescence characteristics and aggregate organic carbon through field experiments were studied, which included current season straw mulching and leisure, last season straw mulching and rotary tillage. Compared with conventional farming, which was rotating tillage after straw removal. The results show that WSOC resolved into 4 groups C1, C2, C3, C4, under the above three treatments on the sandy dark brown soil, in which fluorescent components mainly include fulvic acid (Peak A and Peak C)in the ultraviolet and visible regions and humic acid (F) and short-wave tryptophan (protein-like B, D peaks) and other components. SRT treatment increased the content of fulvic acid (Peak A and Peak C) and protein-like component C4. Compared with SFT and CRT, whose components of C1 and C2 increased by 112.73%, 109.35% and 107.77%, 66.07% and the group C4 increased by 28.26% and 42.31%, the difference was significant. While increased the content of humic acid C3 from the autogenic humus componentunder the CRT treatment was increased by 16.76% and 49.74% compared with the SRT and SFT treatments. Soil aggregate organic matter in 0～20 cm cultivated layer was mainly distributed in the mineral bound state (MOM) of <0.053 mm, with an average proportion of 63.90%, followed by 0.25～0.053 mm fine particulate organic matter (oPOM), accounting for 23.8%, and the content of coarse-grained organic matter (>0.25 mm) was the lowest, only 11.2%. SRT treatment significantly increased the content of oPOC, and the values of FI and HIX increased, which means the accumulation of soil humus increased. The accumulation trend was strengthened, providing a scientific basis for implementing protective tillage techniques for straw mulching and returning to the field in low mountain and hilly areas.