Since the era of graphene, two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) with distinctive physical, chemical and optoelectronic properties have attracted extensive attention from researchers worldwide. Benefiting from the diversity of material composition and the layer number dependence of their bandgap, the spectral response ranges of 2DLMs can cover an extremely wide band from ultraviolet to infrared radiation. Moreover, because of the lifting of the restriction on lattice matching, 2DLMs can be stacked with other dimensional materials, such as bulk materials, nanowires, and quantum dots, through van der Waals (vdWs) forces, creating unique and exclusive devices from integrated structures. This article reviewed the research progress of several typical 2DLMs heterojunction photodetectors with great potential application in the field of photodetection, focusing on the breakthrough results achieved in performance improvements such as device gain, junction rectification ratio, response time and detection wavelength coverage for devices based on tungsten diselenide (WSe₂), arsenic phosphorus (AsP), niobium trisulfide (NbS₃) and palladium diselenide (PbSe₂), through innovations in heterostructure building and exploitation of 2D processing cutting-edge technology. Meanwhile, we had also briefly analyzed the current challenges confronted by these device researches, and tentatively forecasted its future development trend.