We propose a method for realizing single-shot high-resolved quantitative birefringence microscopy, by extending microsphere-assisted microscopy into polarization holographic microscopy. Based on our proposed imaging system and reconstruction algorithm, we are capable of simultaneously realizing high-resolved polarization holographic imaging and quantitative measurement of two-dimensional birefringence information of dynamic samples. We demonstrated our proposed method by quantitatively imaging a birefringence resolution target, which resolution (0.71μm) exceeds the resolution limit of a microscope objective with numerical aperture of 0.25. Experimental results of a rotating holographic diffraction grating with 500 lp/mm further demonstrated the feasibility of our method in birefringence imaging of dynamic samples.