We propose a method for realizing single-shot high-resolved quantitative birefringence microscopy by extending microsphere-assisted microscopy into polarization holographic microscopy. Based on our proposed imaging system and reconstruction algorithm, we are capable of simultaneously realizing high-resolved polarization holographic imaging and quantitative measurement of 2D birefringence information of dynamic samples. We demonstrated our proposed method by quantitatively imaging a birefringence resolution target, whose resolution (0.71 µm) exceeds the resolution limit of a microscope objective with a numerical aperture of 0.25. Experimental results of rotating holographic diffraction grating with 500 lp/mm further demonstrated the feasibility of our method in birefringence imaging of dynamic samples.