With a unique type of luminescence, mechanoluminescent materials have begun drawing increasing research interest. In particular, due to high efficiency of energy conversion of mechanical force to light emission, low mechanoluminescence threshold, and recoverable mechanoluminescent property, materials with elastic mechanoluminescence have demonstrated great application potential in stress monitoring, self-powered sensing, biological health monitoring, and smart wearables, among others. Mechanoluminescent optical fibers simultaneously possess the mechanoluminescent property and the advantages of optical fibers, such as the wave guiding function, small size, low weight, high flexibility, and excellent integrability. Compared with the bulky and film-shaped materials, mechanoluminescent optical fibers can convert stress or strain into light emission more efficiently owing to their fibrous shape. Moreover, mechanoluminescent optical fibers can perform the collection and long-distance transmission of mechanoluminescence signals through their wave-guiding structure, thus further expanding their application range. In this short review, we first briefly introduce the classification, characteristics, and mechanism of mechanoluminescent materials. Based on this, different kinds of mechanoluminescent optical fibers, their fabrication methods, and potential applications are presented. Finally, we forecast the future development of mechanoluminescent optical fibers.